Mutation is the mechanism by which DNA sequence is changed permanently in a genome. Mutation is actually very common matter although we normally think that is only harmful. But actual thing is that mutation is occurring spontaneously in nature by the change of environmental factors like temperature, or other ecological changes.That mean we are actually mutated from the human of ancient time.That is natural mutation and that is not actually harmful rather it create variations in species.But all the mutations are not useful mostly that is harmful.
Now come to the point, our body has a distinct genetical structure and if it lost its normality that can be adversely affect us even take us to death. Mutations can be inherited that mean if the parents have wrong genetic code by mutation that will transfer to their offspring. Different genetical disorders like diabetes,high blood pressure,bald,heart disease etc disease containing parents run this disease to their children.
Causes of Mutation:
Mutation can happen for any type of mis formation in the body system , for different environmental factors that destroy the normality of the cell's genome.
Exogenous factors: Different environmental factors like sunlight, Smoking,radiation, x-ray, gamma ray these are main elements of the exogenous mutational factor.
Endogenous factors: Sometimes there can be error forming in the DNA replication that replicated DNA will run to our body and will cause mutation.
Chemical factors: Different chemicals act as agent of mutation , like the chemical that are carcinogenic that create dis formation in the cell and even form cancer.Example. Hgcl2 is an carcinogenic agent.
Different tyoes of mutation:
1.Insertion mutation:
when one or more base pairs are inserted inside a distinct DNA then the previous amino acid sequence will be lost. That mean you know about the codon 3 base create a codon and one codon is capable of form an amino acid. But when a base is inserted previous amino acid formatting codon become changed and as a result new type of amino acid form and that create different protein .that is called insertion mutation.
Here you see, as a new base C is inserted to a genome sequence then totat amino acid sequence is changed and that will create new type of protein. Huntinton's disease is an example of deletion mutation.
2.Deletion Mutation:
In this type of mutation bases are deleted as a result amino acid sequence changed and form different protein or malfunctioning protein.Here G is deleted from the base pairs as result after leucine all all other proteins are changed.22q11.2 deletion syndrome is an example of
deletion mutation.
3.Substitution mutation:
Exchange of base pair is called substitution mutation, as a result it create different codon and form different amino acid and finally different proteins. Even substitution can create Stop codon that stop the protein production by means of non sense mutation.Even if substitution happens in single base pair that will call Point mutation.
4. Frame-shift Mutation:
We know three base pairs create a codon but by the insertion ,deletion or other type of mutation can completely change the gene expression as a result protein cant be coaded properly. In frameshift mutation error occurs at the DNA level,and that gives rise to truncated proteins that are useless.
5.Non sense Mutation:
If any change in the genetic code happen by means of mutation and that codon is responsible for STOP codon that type of mutation is called non sense mutation, cause if stop codon found in mRNA that will stop protein production immediately .
6. Silent mutation:
Silent mutation occur silently, that mean mutation occur but that does not change the protein production. That is for, 1 amino acid may have different codons, like GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG code for valine , if any mutation occur and that turn GTT to GTC that will create same amino acid valine as a result protein production will be same. That is called silent mutation.
Now come to the point, our body has a distinct genetical structure and if it lost its normality that can be adversely affect us even take us to death. Mutations can be inherited that mean if the parents have wrong genetic code by mutation that will transfer to their offspring. Different genetical disorders like diabetes,high blood pressure,bald,heart disease etc disease containing parents run this disease to their children.
Causes of Mutation:
Mutation can happen for any type of mis formation in the body system , for different environmental factors that destroy the normality of the cell's genome.
Exogenous factors: Different environmental factors like sunlight, Smoking,radiation, x-ray, gamma ray these are main elements of the exogenous mutational factor.
Endogenous factors: Sometimes there can be error forming in the DNA replication that replicated DNA will run to our body and will cause mutation.
Chemical factors: Different chemicals act as agent of mutation , like the chemical that are carcinogenic that create dis formation in the cell and even form cancer.Example. Hgcl2 is an carcinogenic agent.
Different tyoes of mutation:
1.Insertion mutation:
when one or more base pairs are inserted inside a distinct DNA then the previous amino acid sequence will be lost. That mean you know about the codon 3 base create a codon and one codon is capable of form an amino acid. But when a base is inserted previous amino acid formatting codon become changed and as a result new type of amino acid form and that create different protein .that is called insertion mutation.
2.Deletion Mutation:
In this type of mutation bases are deleted as a result amino acid sequence changed and form different protein or malfunctioning protein.Here G is deleted from the base pairs as result after leucine all all other proteins are changed.22q11.2 deletion syndrome is an example of
deletion mutation.
3.Substitution mutation:
Exchange of base pair is called substitution mutation, as a result it create different codon and form different amino acid and finally different proteins. Even substitution can create Stop codon that stop the protein production by means of non sense mutation.Even if substitution happens in single base pair that will call Point mutation.
4. Frame-shift Mutation:
We know three base pairs create a codon but by the insertion ,deletion or other type of mutation can completely change the gene expression as a result protein cant be coaded properly. In frameshift mutation error occurs at the DNA level,and that gives rise to truncated proteins that are useless.
If any change in the genetic code happen by means of mutation and that codon is responsible for STOP codon that type of mutation is called non sense mutation, cause if stop codon found in mRNA that will stop protein production immediately .
Silent mutation occur silently, that mean mutation occur but that does not change the protein production. That is for, 1 amino acid may have different codons, like GTT,GTC,GTA,GTG code for valine , if any mutation occur and that turn GTT to GTC that will create same amino acid valine as a result protein production will be same. That is called silent mutation.
Hello, my name is Jack Sparrow. I'm a 50 year old self-employed Pirate from the Caribbean.
No comments:
Post a Comment